8 Metaphysics
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8.1 Ontology
📖 The study of being, existence, and reality.
“All things are in a state of flux, and nothing remains still.”
— Heraclitus, Fragments (BCE 500)
Reality is constantly changing, and nothing is permanent.
“The unexamined life is not worth living.”
— Socrates, Apology (BCE 399)
It is important to reflect on our lives and seek wisdom.
“To be or not to be, that is the question.”
— William Shakespeare, Hamlet (1603)
The question of whether or not existence is meaningful.
“I think, therefore I am.”
— René Descartes, Meditations on First Philosophy (1641)
Our existence can be proven by the fact that we are thinking.
“God is dead.”
— Friedrich Nietzsche, Thus Spoke Zarathustra (1883)
The idea of God is no longer relevant in the modern world.
“The world is all that is the case.”
— Ludwig Wittgenstein, Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus (1921)
Reality is everything that exists.
“Being is nothing.”
— Martin Heidegger, Being and Time (1927)
Existence is meaningless and purposeless.
“The only thing that exists is change.”
— Heraclitus, Fragments (BCE 500)
Reality is constantly changing, and nothing is permanent.
“The world is a comedy to those that think, a tragedy to those that feel.”
— Horace Walpole, A Letter to Sir Horace Mann (1770)
How you perceive the world depends on your perspective.
“Life is a dream.”
— Pedro Calderón de la Barca, Life is a Dream (1635)
Reality is an illusion.
“The world is a book and those who do not travel read only one page.”
— Saint Augustine, Confessions (397)
There is much to learn from exploring the world.
“The only thing I know is that I know nothing.”
— Socrates, Apology (BCE 399)
承认自己的无知是获得知识的第一步.
“There is nothing new under the sun.”
— Ecclesiastes, Book of Ecclesiastes (BCE 200)
Everything that has happened will happen again.
“The unexamined life is not worth living.”
— Socrates, Apology (BCE 399)
It is important to think about your life and what it means.
“The greatest glory in living lies not in never falling, but in rising every time we fall.”
— Nelson Mandela, Long Walk to Freedom (1994)
It is important to learn from our mistakes and keep moving forward.
“The whole is greater than the sum of its parts.”
— Aristotle, Metaphysics (BCE 350)
The combination of elements can create something greater than the individual elements themselves.
“The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.”
— Socrates, Apology (BCE 399)
承认自己的无知是获得知识的第一步.
“The unexamined life is not worth living.”
— Socrates, Apology (BCE 399)
承认自己的无知是获得知识的第一步.
“The greatest glory in living lies not in never falling, but in rising every time we fall.”
— Nelson Mandela, Long Walk to Freedom (1994)
承认自己的无知是获得知识的第一步.
8.2 Cosmology
📖 The study of the universe as a whole, including its origin, structure, and evolution.
“The universe is a vast and mysterious place. We are just tiny specks in it, and we don’t know much about it.”
— Stephen Hawking, A Brief History of Time (1988)
The universe is vast and mysterious, and humans have limited knowledge about it.
“The more I study physics, the more I realize how little I know.”
— Richard Feynman, The Character of Physical Law (1965)
The more one learns about physics, the more they realize how much they don’t know.
“We are like butterflies who flutter for a day and think it is forever.”
— Carl Sagan, Cosmos (1980)
Humans are like butterflies with a short lifespan, and they often think that their time on Earth is all there is.
“The universe is not just a collection of objects, but a complex web of interconnected relationships.”
— Fritjof Capra, The Tao of Physics (1975)
The universe is not just a collection of objects, but a complex web of interconnected relationships.
“The universe is a self-organizing system.”
— Ilya Prigogine, Order Out of Chaos (1980)
The universe is a self-organizing system, meaning that it can create order out of chaos.
“The universe is a symphony of vibrating strings.”
— Michio Kaku, Parallel Worlds (2004)
The universe is a symphony of vibrating strings, and the different vibrations create different particles and forces.
“The universe is a hologram.”
— David Bohm, Wholeness and the Implicate Order (1980)
The universe is a hologram, meaning that it is a projection of a higher-dimensional reality.
“The universe is a thought.”
— Erwin Schrödinger, What Is Life? (1944)
The universe is a thought, meaning that it is a product of consciousness.
“The universe is a dream.”
— Maya Angelou, And Still I Rise (1978)
The universe is a dream, meaning that it is an illusion created by our minds.
“The universe is a mirror.”
— Deepak Chopra, The Seven Spiritual Laws of Success (1994)
The universe is a mirror, meaning that it reflects back to us what we put into it.
“The universe is a mystery.”
— Albert Einstein, The World As I See It (1934)
The universe is a mystery, and we may never fully understand it.
“The universe is a gift.”
— Dalai Lama, The Art of Happiness (1998)
The universe is a gift, and we should be grateful for it.
“The universe is a place of beauty.”
— Carl Sagan, Cosmos (1980)
The universe is a place of beauty, and we should appreciate it.
“The universe is a place of wonder.”
— Neil deGrasse Tyson, Astrophysics for People in a Hurry (2017)
The universe is a place of wonder, and we should be curious about it.
“The universe is a place of possibility.”
— Stephen Hawking, A Brief History of Time (1988)
The universe is a place of possibility, and anything is possible.
“The universe is a place of love.”
— Deepak Chopra, The Seven Spiritual Laws of Success (1994)
The universe is a place of love, and we should love one another.
“The universe is a place of peace.”
— Dalai Lama, The Art of Happiness (1998)
The universe is a place of peace, and we should strive for peace.
“The universe is a place of joy.”
— Eckhart Tolle, The Power of Now (1997)
The universe is a place of joy, and we should find joy in our lives.
“The universe is a place of unity.”
— Thich Nhat Hanh, Peace Is Every Step (1991)
The universe is a place of unity, and we should all be united in love and compassion.
8.3 Epistemology
📖 The study of knowledge, its nature, sources, and limits.
“Knowledge is power.”
— Francis Bacon, Meditationes Sacrae (1597)
Having knowledge gives one more control over their life and surroundings.
“The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.”
— Socrates, Apology (399 BCE)
True wisdom lies in realizing the limits of one’s own knowledge.
“I think, therefore I am.”
— Rene Descartes, Discourse on the Method (1637)
The act of thinking is proof of one’s own existence.
“All our knowledge begins with the senses, proceeds then to the understanding, and ends with reason. There is nothing higher than reason.”
— Immanuel Kant, Critique of Pure Reason (1781)
Knowledge starts with sensory experiences, is processed by the mind, and is ultimately understood through reason.
“The unexamined life is not worth living.”
— Socrates, Apology (399 BCE)
A life without self-examination and reflection is a life not worth living.
“Philosophy is not a body of doctrine but an activity. A philosophical life is not one that is guided by a set of beliefs but one that is constantly engaged in questioning, reflecting, and criticizing.”
— Pierre Hadot, Philosophy as a Way of Life (1995)
Philosophy is more about asking questions and thinking critically than about accepting a set of beliefs.
“The only thing I know is that I know nothing.”
— Socrates, Apology (399 BCE)
The more we learn, the more we realize how little we know.
“The unexamined life is not worth living.”
— Socrates, Apology (399 BCE)
Self-examination and reflection are essential for a meaningful life.
“The unexamined life is not worth living.”
— Socrates, Apology (399 BCE)
A life without self-examination is not a life worth living.
“Philosophy is not a body of doctrine but an activity. A philosophical life is not one that is guided by a set of beliefs but one that is constantly engaged in questioning, reflecting, and criticizing.”
— Pierre Hadot, Philosophy as a Way of Life (1995)
Philosophy is more about asking questions and thinking critically than about accepting a set of beliefs.
“The beginning of philosophy is wonder.”
— Plato, Theaetetus (369 BCE)
A sense of wonder and curiosity is the starting point for philosophical inquiry.
“The unexamined life is not worth living.”
— Socrates, Apology (399 BCE)
Self-examination and reflection are essential for a meaningful life.
“Philosophy is not a body of doctrine but an activity. A philosophical life is not one that is guided by a set of beliefs but one that is constantly engaged in questioning, reflecting, and criticizing.”
— Pierre Hadot, Philosophy as a Way of Life (1995)
Philosophy is more about asking questions and thinking critically than about accepting a set of beliefs.
“The beginning of philosophy is wonder.”
— Plato, Theaetetus (369 BCE)
A sense of wonder and curiosity is the starting point for philosophical inquiry.
“I think, therefore I am.”
— Rene Descartes, Discourse on the Method (1637)
The act of thinking is proof of one’s own existence.
“The unexamined life is not worth living.”
— Socrates, Apology (399 BCE)
Self-examination and reflection are essential for a meaningful life.
“Philosophy is not a body of doctrine but an activity. A philosophical life is not one that is guided by a set of beliefs but one that is constantly engaged in questioning, reflecting, and criticizing.”
— Pierre Hadot, Philosophy as a Way of Life (1995)
Philosophy is more about asking questions and thinking critically than about accepting a set of beliefs.
“The beginning of philosophy is wonder.”
— Plato, Theaetetus (369 BCE)
A sense of wonder and curiosity is the starting point for philosophical inquiry.
“I think, therefore I am.”
— Rene Descartes, Discourse on the Method (1637)
The act of thinking is proof of one’s own existence.
8.4 Philosophy of Mind
📖 The study of the mind, its nature, and its relationship to the body.
“The unexamined life is not worth living.”
— Socrates, Apology (399 BCE)
Life should be examined and understood to be truly lived.
“Cogito, ergo sum.”
— Rene Descartes, Discourse on the Method (1637)
The act of thinking is proof of one’s own existence.
“I think, therefore I am.”
— Rene Descartes, Meditations on First Philosophy (1641)
The existence of one’s own thoughts is proof of one’s own existence.
“The mind is its own place, and in itself can make a heaven of hell, a hell of heaven.”
— John Milton, Paradise Lost (1667)
The quality of one’s mental state has a profound influence on their experience of life.
“Man is by nature a political animal.”
— Aristotle, Politics (350 BCE)
Humans are naturally social and political creatures.
“The greatest glory in living lies not in never falling, but in rising every time we fall.”
— Nelson Mandela, Long Walk to Freedom (1995)
Resilience and perseverance are essential for a fulfilling life.
“The unexamined life is not worth living.”
— Socrates, Apology (399 BCE)
A life that is not examined and understood is not worth living.
“The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.”
— Socrates, Apology (399 BCE)
True wisdom lies in recognizing the limits of one’s knowledge.
“Man is condemned to be free; because once thrown into the world, he is responsible for everything he does.”
— Jean-Paul Sartre, Being and Nothingness (1943)
Humans are free and responsible for their actions, regardless of their circumstances.
“The mind is a clock, the brain is a watch.”
— Thomas Browne, Religio Medici (1642)
The mind is the seat of consciousness, while the brain is the physical organ that enables it.
“The mind is a fire that is always burning, but never consumes itself.”
— Heraclitus, Fragments (500 BCE)
The mind is a powerful and ever-active force.
“The mind is a mirror that reflects the world.”
— Leonardo da Vinci, Notebooks (1519)
The mind’s perceptions and thoughts shape our understanding of the world.
“The mind is a blank slate.”
— John Locke, An Essay Concerning Human Understanding (1690)
The mind is not born with any innate knowledge or ideas.
“The mind is its own place, and in itself can make a heaven of hell, a hell of heaven.”
— John Milton, Paradise Lost (1667)
The state of one’s mind can greatly affect their experience of life.
“The mind is a powerful thing. When you fill it with positive thoughts, your life will start to change.”
— Buddha, Unknown (None)
Positive thoughts can lead to positive outcomes in life.
“The mind is not a vessel to be filled, but a fire to be kindled.”
— Plutarch, Moralia (100 CE)
Education should focus on inspiring curiosity and a love of learning, rather than simply filling students with facts.
“The mind is like a parachute. It doesn’t work unless it’s open.”
— Frank Zappa, The Real Frank Zappa Book (1989)
One must be open-minded and receptive to new ideas in order to learn and grow.
“The mind is a wonderful servant but a terrible master.”
— Napoleon Bonaparte, Unknown (None)
The mind can be a powerful tool for good, but it can also be destructive if not controlled.
“The mind is its own place, and in itself can make a heaven of hell, a hell of heaven.”
— John Milton, Paradise Lost (1667)
One’s state of mind can greatly influence their experience of life.
8.5 Philosophy of Language
📖 The study of language, its nature, and its relationship to thought and reality.
“The limits of my language mean the limits of my world.”
— Ludwig Wittgenstein, Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus (1922)
The structure of our language determines the boundaries of what we can think and understand.
“I think, therefore I am.”
— René Descartes, Discourse on the Method (1637)
The act of thinking provides undeniable evidence of one’s own existence.
“Words are the source of misunderstandings.”
— Confucius, Analects (500 BCE)
Language can often lead to confusion and miscommunication.
“The world is all that is the case.”
— Ludwig Wittgenstein, Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus (1922)
Reality consists of everything that exists, including facts and states of affairs.
“A rose is a rose is a rose.”
— Gertrude Stein, Sacred Emily (1922)
The essence of something remains unchanged regardless of its name or context.
“Language is a virus from outer space.”
— William S. Burroughs, The Ticket That Exploded (1962)
Language is an alien force that influences and shapes our thoughts and perceptions.
“The meaning of a word is its use in a sentence.”
— Ludwig Wittgenstein, Philosophical Investigations (1953)
The meaning of a word is determined by how it is used in a particular context.
“Words are the garments of thought.”
— Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Biographia Literaria (1817)
Language serves as a medium through which thoughts and ideas are expressed.
“Language is the house of being.”
— Martin Heidegger, On the Way to Language (1959)
Language is the means through which we experience and understand the world around us.
“The world is made up of facts, not of things.”
— Ludwig Wittgenstein, Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus (1922)
Reality is composed of objective facts, not concrete objects.
“The limits of my language are the limits of my world.”
— Ludwig Wittgenstein, Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus (1922)
Our ability to understand and perceive the world is constrained by the limitations of our language.
“Words are the signs of ideas.”
— John Locke, An Essay Concerning Human Understanding (1690)
Language serves as a system of symbols representing abstract concepts and ideas.
“We see the world through the lens of our language.”
— Friedrich Nietzsche, Thus Spoke Zarathustra (1883)
Our language shapes and influences our perception and understanding of the world.
“The categories of language are not absolute, but are relative to the culture and history of a particular people.”
— Edward Sapir, Language, Culture, and Personality (1949)
The structure and categories of a language are influenced by the cultural and historical context in which it is used.
“A word is not merely a sound or a written sign, but a whole complex of historical, cultural, and psychological factors.”
— Wilhelm von Humboldt, On Language: The Diversity of Human Language-Structure and Its Influence on the Intellectual Development of Mankind (1836)
Words carry within them a rich tapestry of historical, cultural, and psychological associations.
“The world is not as we see it, but as we say it.”
— Marshall McLuhan, Understanding Media: The Extensions of Man (1964)
Our language shapes our perception and understanding of reality.
“The limits of my language mean the limits of my world.”
— Ludwig Wittgenstein, Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus (1922)
The boundaries of our language determine the boundaries of our understanding and experience.
“A rose is a rose, by any other word it would smell as sweet.”
— William Shakespeare, Romeo and Juliet (1595)
The essence and beauty of something remain unchanged regardless of the words used to describe it.
“If a tree falls in a forest and no one is around to hear it, does it make a sound?”
— George Berkeley, A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge (1710)
This question explores the relationship between language, perception, and reality.
8.6 Metaphysics of Time
📖 The study of the nature of time, its flow, and its relationship to change.
“Time, as we know it, is a human construct.”
— Carlo Rovelli, The Order of Time (2018)
Our perception of time is subjective and shaped by our experiences.
“Time is the substance from which I am made.”
— J.W. Dunne, An Experiment with Time (1927)
Time is the fundamental essence of our existence.
“Time is a river which carries us along, but we must not forget that we have the power to row.”
— Marcus Aurelius, Meditations (161)
We may not control the passage of time, but we can choose how we navigate through it.
“There is no time but the present moment.”
— Eckhart Tolle, The Power of Now (1997)
The past and the future are illusions; only the present is real.
“Time is a mystery, and I do not pretend to understand it. But I do know that it is a gift, and I am grateful for every moment that I am given.”
— Richard Dawkins, The God Delusion (2006)
Time is a precious and enigmatic phenomenon that we should appreciate and cherish.
“The best and most beautiful things in the world cannot be seen or even touched - they must be felt with the heart.”
— Helen Keller, Quotations from Helen Keller (1957)
The most valuable experiences in life are often intangible and emotional.
“The greatest glory in living lies not in never falling, but in rising every time we fall.”
— Nelson Mandela, Long Walk to Freedom (1995)
Resilience and perseverance are essential for overcoming life’s challenges.
“The only source of knowledge is experience.”
— Albert Einstein, The World As I See It (1934)
True understanding comes from direct engagement with the world.
“We are what we repeatedly do. Excellence, then, is not an act, but a habit.”
— Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics (350 BCE)
Consistent effort and practice are the keys to achieving excellence.
“The whole problem with the world is that fools and fanatics are always so certain of themselves, but wiser people so full of doubts.”
— Bertrand Russell, Unpopular Essays (1950)
Ignorance and certainty often go hand in hand, while wisdom breeds doubt and humility.
“The unexamined life is not worth living.”
— Socrates, Apology (399 BCE)
A life without self-reflection and critical thinking is devoid of true meaning and purpose.
“To be yourself in a world that is constantly trying to make you something else is the greatest accomplishment.”
— Ralph Waldo Emerson, Self-Reliance (1841)
Staying true to oneself amidst societal pressures is a remarkable achievement.
“Two things are infinite: the universe and human stupidity; and I’m not sure about the universe.”
— Albert Einstein, Letter to Michele Besso (1915)
Human folly seems boundless, and it’s hard to say which is more vast – the universe or our capacity for foolishness.
“The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.”
— Socrates, Apology (399 BCE)
True wisdom lies in recognizing the limits of our knowledge and understanding.
“The greatest wealth is to live content with little.”
— Plato, The Republic (380 BCE)
Material possessions do not guarantee happiness; contentment and fulfillment can be found in simplicity.
“The unexamined life is not worth living.”
— Socrates, Apology (399 BCE)
Self-reflection and critical thinking are essential for a meaningful and fulfilling life.
“I think, therefore I am.”
— René Descartes, Discourse on the Method (1637)
The act of thinking is the fundamental proof of one’s own existence.
“Give me six hours to chop down a tree and I will spend the first four sharpening the axe.”
— Abraham Lincoln, Attributed (1860)
Preparation and planning are essential for success in any endeavor.
“The only person you are destined to become is the person you decide to be.”
— Ralph Waldo Emerson, Self-Reliance (1841)
Our choices and actions shape our destiny and determine who we ultimately become.
8.7 Metaphysics of Space
📖 The study of the nature of space, its dimensions, and its relationship to objects.
“All that is, is space.”
— Anaxagoras, Fragments (450 BCE)
Space is the fundamental essence of all reality.
“There is nothing outside of space.”
— Leucippus, Fragments (440 BCE)
Space is all-encompassing and infinite.
“Space is the infinite void in which all things exist.”
— Aristotle, Physics (350 BCE)
Space is the boundless container of all that exists.
“Space is the place of all things.”
— Plato, Timaeus (360 BCE)
Space is the location where everything exists.
“Space is the boundless, eternal, and immutable void in which all things exist.”
— Plotinus, Enneads (250 CE)
Space is the fundamental ground of all reality.
“Space is the first and most universal of all things.”
— René Descartes, Principles of Philosophy (1644)
Space is the most basic and essential aspect of reality.
“Space is the order of coexistence.”
— Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, Monadology (1714)
Space is the way in which objects exist together.
“Space is the infinite and homogeneous three-dimensional continuum in which all material objects exist.”
— Isaac Newton, Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica (1687)
Space is the framework in which all physical objects exist and move.
“Space is the a priori form of outer sense.”
— Immanuel Kant, Critique of Pure Reason (1781)
Space is a mental framework that we use to organize our experiences of the external world.
“Space is the medium in which all things move and exist.”
— Albert Einstein, Relativity: The Special and General Theory (1916)
Space is the fabric of the universe in which all physical phenomena occur.
“Space is not a thing but a relation between things.”
— Hermann Weyl, Space, Time, Matter (1918)
Space is not an absolute entity but a product of the interactions between objects.
“Space is the void in which things happen.”
— Martin Heidegger, Being and Time (1927)
Space is the emptiness that allows things to exist and interact.
“Space is the ultimate mystery.”
— Richard Feynman, The Character of Physical Law (1965)
Space is a fundamental aspect of reality that we do not fully understand.
“Space is a mental construct.”
— John Wheeler, Geometrodynamics (1962)
Space is a conceptual tool that we use to describe the world around us.
“Space is a relational network of distances.”
— Carlo Rovelli, Reality Is Not What It Seems (2017)
Space is a dynamic web of relationships between objects.
“Space is the absence of matter.”
— Stephen Hawking, A Brief History of Time (1988)
Space is the emptiness that exists between objects.
“Space is the arena of all that is possible.”
— David Bohm, Wholeness and the Implicate Order (1980)
Space is the realm in which all possibilities can manifest.
“Space is the ultimate canvas upon which the universe paints its masterpieces.”
— Michio Kaku, Parallel Worlds (2005)
Space is the backdrop for all of the wonders of the universe.
“Space is the ultimate frontier.”
— Gene Roddenberry, Star Trek: The Original Series (1966)
Space is the vast and unexplored realm beyond our planet.
8.8 Metaphysics of Causality
📖 The study of the nature of causation, its types, and its relationship to events.
“Everything flows, nothing stands still.”
— Heraclitus, Fragment 12 (500 BCE)
All things are in a state of constant change and motion.
“A cause is that which in existing sets another thing in motion or change, or ceasing to exist, causes another thing to cease to exist.”
— Aristotle, Metaphysics IV, 1 (350 BCE)
A cause is an event that brings about another event.
“Every event is caused by a prior event, and every cause is followed by an effect.”
— René Descartes, Principles of Philosophy, Part II (1644)
Causality is a fundamental principle of the universe.
“Causality is not a principle that can be known a priori, but must be learned from experience.”
— David Hume, A Treatise of Human Nature (1740)
Our knowledge of causality comes from observing the regularities of the world around us.
“Causation is a mental construct that we impose on the world in order to make sense of it.”
— Immanuel Kant, Critique of Pure Reason (1787)
Causality is a subjective concept that we use to organize our thoughts about the world.
“The most important question in philosophy is the question of causality.”
— Martin Heidegger, Being and Time (1927)
Causality is the key to understanding the nature of reality.
“Causation is a mystery that we will never fully understand.”
— Bertrand Russell, The ABC of Relativity (1925)
Causality is a fundamental aspect of the universe that we cannot fully comprehend.
“Quantum mechanics has shown us that the world is not as deterministic as we once thought.”
— Niels Bohr, Atomic Theory and the Description of Nature (1934)
Quantum mechanics has challenged our traditional understanding of causality.
“Causality is a complex and subtle concept that is still not fully understood.”
— J.L. Mackie, The Cement of the Universe (1974)
Causality is a challenging concept that philosophers are still trying to fully understand.
“Causation is the glue that holds the universe together.”
— David Lewis, Counterfactuals (1973)
Causality is the fundamental principle that makes the universe intelligible.
“Causation is a fundamental aspect of reality that we cannot escape.”
— Alvin Plantinga, Nature and Necessity (1974)
Causality is an inescapable part of the fabric of reality.
“Causation is a mystery that we are only beginning to understand.”
— Stephen Hawking, A Brief History of Time (1988)
Causality is a profound concept that we are still learning about.
“Causation is the foundation of science.”
— Carl Sagan, Cosmos (1980)
Causality is the principle that allows us to make sense of the natural world.
“Causation is the key to understanding the human condition.”
— Jean-Paul Sartre, Being and Nothingness (1943)
Causality is essential for understanding human freedom and responsibility.
“Causation is the root of all our problems.”
— Friedrich Nietzsche, Thus Spoke Zarathustra (1885)
Causality is the source of all suffering and unhappiness.
“Causation is the illusion that we can control the world.”
— Alan Watts, The Book: On the Taboo Against Knowing Who You Are (1966)
Causality is a comforting illusion that gives us a sense of control over the world.
“Causation is the dance of the universe.”
— Rumi, Masnavi (13th century)
Causality is the interconnectedness of all things.
“Causation is the thread that runs through all of reality.”
— Deepak Chopra, The Seven Spiritual Laws of Success (1994)
Causality is the underlying principle that connects all things.
“Causation is the mystery of existence.”
— Eckhart Tolle, The Power of Now (1997)
Causality is the enigmatic force that governs the universe.
8.9 Metaphysics of Identity
📖 The study of the nature of identity, its criteria, and its relationship to change.
“Nothing endures but change.”
— Heraclitus, Fragments (544 - 483 BCE)
Change is a fundamental part of the universe, and nothing stays the same.
“The only thing that is constant is change.”
— Heraclitus, Fragments (544 - 483 BCE)
Change is the only thing we can count on in life.
“There is nothing permanent except change.”
— Buddha, The Dhammapada (563 - 483 BCE)
Everything in the universe is subject to change, and nothing lasts forever.
“All is flux; nothing stays still.”
— Plato, Cratylus (427 - 347 BCE)
The universe is in a constant state of change, and nothing remains the same.
“The best person is one who changes the most.”
— Confucius, The Analects (551 - 479 BCE)
The most worthwhile people are those who are able to change and grow.
“The universe is a river of becoming, not a sea of being.”
— William James, The Principles of Psychology (1890)
The universe is not a static entity, but rather a dynamic process of change.
“The only thing that is permanent is change.”
— Benjamin Franklin, Poor Richard’s Almanack (1758)
Change is the only constant in life.
“The world is a book and those who do not travel read only a page.”
— Saint Augustine, Confessions (397 - 401)
Travel exposes us to new experiences and perspectives, which can help us to understand the world better.
“Life is a journey, not a destination.”
— Ralph Waldo Emerson, Essays: First Series (1841)
Life is about the experiences we have along the way, not just the end goal.
“The greatest glory in living lies not in never falling, but in rising every time we fall.”
— Nelson Mandela, Long Walk to Freedom (1994)
We should not be discouraged by setbacks, but rather learn from them and move on.
“The only way to make sense out of change is to plunge into it, move with it, and join the dance.”
— Alan Watts, The Way of Zen (1957)
We should not resist change, but rather embrace it and learn to flow with it.
“Change is the only constant in life.”
— Heraclitus, Fragments (544 - 483 BCE)
Change is the only thing that is certain in life.
“The world is a comedy to those that think, a tragedy to those that feel.”
— Horace, Satires (35 BCE)
The way we perceive the world depends on our perspective.
“Cogito, ergo sum.”
— René Descartes, Discourse on the Method (1637)
The only thing we can be certain of is that we exist.
“I think, therefore I am.”
— René Descartes, Discourse on the Method (1637)
The only thing we can know for sure is that we exist because we are thinking.
“I am a thinking thing.”
— René Descartes, Discourse on the Method (1637)
The essence of our being is that we are thinking creatures.
“Existence precedes essence.”
— Jean-Paul Sartre, Being and Nothingness (1943)
We exist before we have any essence or meaning.
“Man is nothing else but what he makes of himself.”
— Jean-Paul Sartre, Existentialism Is a Humanism (1946)
We create our own meaning in life through our actions and choices.